SPEC Series Editor: Lee Anne George Association of Research Libraries 21 Dupont Circle, NW Suite 800 Washington, DC 20036-1118 T 202.296.2296 F 202.872.0884 ARL.org pubs@arl.org ISBN 978-1-948964-00-5 print ISBN 978-1-948964-01-2 online Copyright © 2018 This compilation is copyrighted by the Association of Research Libraries. ARL grants blanket permission to reproduce and distribute copies of this work for nonprofit, educational, or library purposes, provided that copies are distributed at or below cost and that ARL, the source, and copyright notice are included on each copy. This permission is in addition to rights of reproduction granted under Sections 107, 108, and other provisions of the US Copyright Act. NOTE: The executive summary (pages 2–11) is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.